卡多佐

卡多佐(1870～1938年)

Cardozo, Benjamin (Nathan)

美国法学家。出身纽约市显赫的犹太人家庭，1891年取得律师资格，成为杰出的法庭律师。1913年他作为改革派的候选人被选入州的最高法院，很快被提升到上诉法院。任职期间，许多人认为上诉法院的地位超过美国最高法院。卡多佐影响了美国上诉审判趋向於更多地与公共政策相结合，和随之而来的法律理论的现代化。他也是个有创造性的普通法法官和法律论说家。1932年被任命为美国最高法院大法官，通常被列入具有自由主义思想倾向的大法官。他写了一个多数大法官的意见支持社会保险案件（1937）。在一个涉及到「一事不再理」的刑事案件中，他认为宪法第十四条修正案（1868）只就「权利法案」中属於一个「有纪律的自由体制的本质」的那些条款施加於各州。1938年退休。

English version：

1870～1938年

Cardozo, Benjamin (Nathan)

U.S. jurist. Born in New York City into a distinguished Jewish family, he was admitted to the New York bar in 1891 and became a successful courtroom lawyer. Elected to the state Supreme Court as a reform candidate (1913), he was quickly promoted to the Court of Appeals. During his tenure many thought the quality of the appellate bench exceeded that of the U.S. Supreme Court. He influenced the trend in U.S. appellate judging toward greater involvement in public policy and consequent modernization of legal principles. He was both a creative common-law judge and a notable legal essayist. Appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1932, he usually voted with liberals Louis Brandeis and Harlan Fiske Stone. He wrote the majority opinion upholding the Social Security program (1937). In a 1937 case on double jeopardy, he held that the states were not required to implement all the provisions of the Bill of Rights, a position that became known as “selective incorporation.” He served on the Court until 1938. The law school at Yeshiva Univ. is named for him.